Lossless image compression

Lossless image compression. ch Lossless image compression is a crucial aspect of image processing and storage, vital for maintaining image quality while reducing file size without any loss of information. For instance, we have JPEG and WebP formats for lossy compression. LOSSLESS COMPRESSION. Such data compressing technique prefers for higher quality upon size reduction and allows you to view photos in a much more detailed manner. View Results LOSSY COMPRESSION. Text compression is a significant area for lossless compression. This benchmark uses 62 uncompressed images (total 751 MB). Lossy compression permanently removes certain data to significantly decrease file size, making it perfect for multimedia but inappropriate for crucial data. In the processes of compression, the mathematical transforms play a vital role. Practical Full Resolution Learned Lossless Image Compression Fabian Mentzer Eirikur Agustsson Michael Tschannen Radu Timofte Luc Van Gool mentzerf@vision. To overcome Lossless Coding. We propose the first practical learned lossless image compression system, L3C, and show that it outperforms the popular engineered codecs, PNG, WebP and JPEG 2000. You can use a few different methods to apply lossless compression to your images. Feb 1, 2022 · Lossless image compression techniques. Other image compres-sion techniques, such as JPEG 2000 [3], WebP[4], and HEVC [5] support both lossy and lossless image compression. Figure 1 shows the results of two methods of image compression. Lossless compression techniques are for when we want to temporarily reduce information. ; Puech, W. ch aeirikur@vision. Simply put, it means converting a large file into a smaller file. For example, VAEs suffer from a compression cost overhead due to their latent variables. In this paper, we propose a unified and Lossless compression is generally used for so-called "discrete" data, such as database records, spreadsheets, word-processing files, and even some kinds of image and video information. The goal of lossless image compression is to represent an image signal with the smallest possible number of bits without loss of any information, thereby speeding up transmission and minimizing storage requirements. Audio: WAV is a container file often used to contain lossless audio, although it is also capable of containing lossy audio. Compression reduces file size without quality loss, allowing faster transfers and saving storage space. But even with these advances, mathematically lossless image compression (MLLIC) ratios for natural images still fall short of the bandwidth and cost-effectiveness requirements of most practical imaging and Jan 3, 2023 · The compression of images is carried out by an encoder and output a compressed form of an image. Aug 25, 2023 · JPEG is one of the most popular image compression methods. Whilst each uses different techniques to compress files, both have the same aim: To look for duplicate data in the graphic (GIF for LZW) and use a much more compact data representation. “Lossless compression” is the art of reducing file sizes without sacrificing image quality. In this paper, we propose a deep learning based method to further compress JPEG images losslessly. May 9, 2023 · There are two forms of image compression: lossless and lossy. md Types of Compression Techniques Image compression techniques can be broadly divided into two categories, namely (I) lossy image compression and (II) lossless image compression. With the fast development of deep learning techniques, deep neural networks have been used in this field to achieve a higher compression Feb 26, 2019 · The necessity of data transfer at a high speed, in fast-growing information technology, depends on compression algorithms. The lossless compression algorithms used are PNG, TIFF, and TDC. 2 days ago · WebP is a modern image format that provides superior lossless and lossy compression for images on the web. Typically, compressions using lossless operation mode can achieve around 2:1 compression ratio for color images. Lossless compression does what it says on the label: It compresses an image’s file size as much as possible without affecting the visible quality. A slightly worse compression ratio, but magnitudes less complexity. Yao Wang, NYU-Poly EL5123: Lossless Compression 4 Image Coding Standards by ITU and ISO • G3,G4: facsimile standard • JBIG: The next generation facsimile standard – ISO Joint Bi-level Image experts Group • JPEG: For coding still images or video frames. ethz. Jan 1, 2023 · Lossless image compression is useful for a variety of image formats, including BMP, RAW, PNG, and GIF. Lossy compression methods, especially when used at low bit rates, introduce compression artifacts. Lossless compression. Apr 1, 2022 · To demonstrate the validity of this compression scheme, its compression performance was compared with current state-of-the-art lossless image compression methods on 10 blind CTC datasets. In our image formats that support lossless image compression. Image Compression. Viewed 9k times 4 I am looking for a way to encoding When you compress a digital file, you remove bits of information in order to reduce its overall size. ; Masmoudi, A. Jul 16, 2024 · Conclusion. We further argue that the binarized version of an image captures its fundamental spatial structure. com/c/Kinsta?sub_confirmation=1Digital images are an Jul 8, 2022 · Figure 21 shows a set of 6 24-bit RGB images. The TIFF format is added as it is widely used for creating medical imaging datasets. Applications of lossless and lossy compression. There are several image compression algorithms: Oct 4, 2023 · Lossy vs. Please adjust input_path and tau to evaluate your own images. See test results and examples of PNG, WebP, AVIF, and JPEG XL compression. g. Recently, learning-based image compression methods achieved impressive performance compared with traditional lossless methods, such as WebP, JPEG2000, and FLIF. Table 5 and Figure 22 illustrate that TIFF has the best lossless compression on this set of images. Use an Image Compression Plugin Lossless and near-lossless image compression is of paramount importance to professional users in many technical fields, such as medicine, remote sensing, precision engineering and scientific research. 1 day ago · Lossless image compression techniques shrink the image size to improve the transmission efficiency and reduce the occupied storage space while ensuring the quality of the image is lossless. Learn what lossless compression is, how it works, and what are its advantages and disadvantages. In DLPR_nll folder, we provide the DLPR coding system for scalable near-lossless compression. Among them, the LOCO-I/JPEG-LS algorithm benefits high lossless compression ratio and low computational complexity and thus is widely used for various real Learn how to choose between lossy and lossless compression methods for your digital photos, based on file size, quality, and purpose. Lossy Compression Techniques Lossy compression, as the name implies, is a technique that does not return the exact original image after decompression. The state-of-the-art lossless image compression algorithms are Run-Length Encoding (RLE) , the entropy coding , and the dictionary-based coding . Quality: JPEG XL lossless mode is as good as it gets as of 2024. Lossless compression comes in handy when the original image data is essential for referential or editing purposes. Surprisingly, we observe (§III) that even standard lossless Jan 8, 2024 · First, we use lossy compression to accept a reduced image quality while achieving a much smaller file size. If you want your images to remain untouched, then select this option. Data compression is a technique for reducing data size that can be divided into two categories: lossy and lossless. At the core of our method is a fully parallelizable hierarchical probabilistic model for adaptive entropy coding which is optimized end-to-end for the compression task. Pixels are encoded as. 26% Oct 28, 2021 · Image compression techniques can be broadly divided into two categories, namely (I) lossy image compression and (II) lossless image compression. In this paper, a new lossless image compression algorithm is proposed, which uses both wavelet and fractional transforms for image compression definition of compression typically used for networking and storage. Many hardware JPEG-LS compressors are proposed on FPGAs and ASICs to achieve high energy efficiency and low cost. However, there are still many impressive lossy compression methods that can be applied to In the late 1980s, digital images became more common, and standards for lossless image compression emerged. In the early 1990s, lossy compression methods began to be widely used. QOI encodes and decodes images in a single pass. Through comparison, we can reach a Use this image compression service to reduce the size of an image. But still, researchers are trying hard & report some of the medical image compression techniques producing images with minimum loss. Examples include TIFF, GIF, and PNG. In this paper, we propose PILC, an end-to-end image lossless compression framework Oodle Lossless Image is a new image compression algorithm that achieves very high compression ratios, but with incredibly fast decompression. This is a matter of concurrently solving two problems: choosing a statistical model that closely captures the underlying distribution of the input data and May 21, 2024 · There are two categories of compression techniques, lossy and lossless. Uncompressed – an uncompressed Raw file contains all the data, but without any sort of compression algorithm applied to it. However, there are still many impressive lossy compression methods that can be applied to lossless compression. , x, the essential problem in lossless data compression is to process the Jun 8, 2021 · For lossless image compression, a lot of research work has been carried out . You can save all your TIFF compressed, lossless formatted images there. Nov 6, 2021 · photos photography jpeg encoder images decoder lossy codec image-compression lossless-compression-algorithm lossless-images lossy-compression jxl lossy-image-compression lossless-image-compression jpeg-xl What is Image Compression? Image Compression is the method to reduce the size of the image file by deleting some of its unnecessary internal data without any loss of information. e. In our pursuit of developing a lossless image compression scheme that performs better than all other schemes over all types of images, is amenable for rigorous performance analysis, and can provided guaranteed compression for a given type of images, we step back and ask the most basic question related to image compression: where does the information lie in an image? With Tinify's online optimizer, image conversion and compression are seamlessly combined into one powerful tool. Because of the nature of JPEG files, only lossy compression is possible with these kinds of images. Jul 27, 2021 · Learn how lossless compression works and which image formats are best for graphics, logos, and text. Lossy and Lossless Image Compression¶ When we compress a file, we do this because we want to temporarily make it smaller (like for sending over email), or we want to permanently make it smaller (like for showing images on the internet). Jun 5, 2024 · Lossless image compression is required in various applications to reduce storage or transmission costs of images, while requiring the reconstructed images to have zero information loss compared to the original. Here, we ran the same image through the Shortpixel lossless compressor: Lossless compression test using the Shortpixel Image Compressor: Original Image Size: 1. However, the throughput for most of them is less than 1 MB/s even with the most advanced AI accelerated chips, preventing them from most real-world applications, which often require 100 MB/s. . Find out which file types use lossless compression and how to apply it to your photos. Unlike lossy compression, lossless image compression won’t reduce image quality. ch timofter@vision. youtube. The ‘multiresolution seamless image database’ widely known as MrSID, a propriety format that is commonly used for geographic information Image compression may be lossy or lossless. Lossy methods are especially suitable for natural images such as Mar 25, 2024 · Lossless Image Compression. Lossless compression is preferred for archival purposes and often for medical imaging, technical drawings, clip art, or comics. This definition encompasses among other things all forms of lossless compression. An improved lossless image compression based arithmetic coding using mixture of non-parametric distributions. Inspired by 24-bit RGB lossless images compression benchmark (LPCB) authored by Alex Rhatushnyak. JPEG and WebP are lossy image formats. One of the most common lossless formats is PNG , a widely used format that reduces file size by identifying patterns and compressing those patterns together. Pros and Cons of Lossless Compression. A typical lossless image compression system contains a probability model and an entropy codec. , residues) are then losslessly compressed. This type of compression refers to a set of image compression algorithms that do not affect image quality, while still providing more optimal results in terms of file size. If you need to alter and save an image without losing any of the data you need to use a lossless format such as TIFF, PNG or BMP. There are mainly two types of image compression method - Lossy Compression and Lossless Jul 6, 2021 · A new lossless compression scheme is presented and named as Huffman Based LZW Lossless Image Compression using Retinex Algorithm which consists of three stages: in the first stage, a Huffman coding is used to compress the image, and in the second stage all Huffman code words are concatenated together and then compressed with LZW coding and decoding. Or get 2x more storage potential if you are using the FFV1 video-compression thing. Jul 18, 2024 · Compression Options: LZW and ZIP: Both are lossless compression methods, preserving image quality. Aug 24, 2021 · Lossless image compression is an important technique for image storage and transmission when information loss is not allowed. org and *. Let’s take a look at two different compression options! 1. Find out how lossless compression is used for text, images, audio, and other data types. 18 MB Post lossless compression image size: 1. In contrast to recent autoregressive discrete probabilistic Aug 30, 2022 · Lossless image compression is an essential research field in image compression. Nov 24, 2021 · Instead I stumbled into a solution for the former: a lossless image format that competes with PNG for some use cases. There are two types of compression: lossless and lossy. proposed a wavelet-like transform for lossy and lossless image compression, which can be considered as a special flow model. I load the image with PIL: img = Image. This project proposes a lossless method of image compression and decompression using the Huffman coding technique. Lina J. Online, free, and easy to use – compress an image using Img2Go. Compare the pros and cons of each method, and see examples of common applications and file types. Run train. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of lossless image compression, exploring its definition, functioning, benefits, common techniques, comparison of formats Sep 3, 2021 · Some examples of lossless compression include the FLAC and ALAC audio codecs, ZIP archives, and PNG images. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. Signal Image Video Process. Neural networks, owing to their outstanding image estimation capabilities, have provided new avenues for lossless compression. In recent years, learning-based lossless image compression methods, combining neural network predictions with residuals, have achieved performance comparable to traditional non-learning algorithms. Unlike lossy compression, which discards certain parts of a file to create a smaller and lower-fidelity version of the original, lossless compression saves file space by rewriting the data more efficiently. A carefully chosen set of high-resolution high-precision natural images suited for compression algorithm We propose the first practical learned lossless image compression system, L3C, and show that it outperforms the popular engineered codecs, PNG, WebP and JPEG 2000. This overhead can only be partially eliminated with elaborate schemes such as bits-back coding, often resulting in poor single-sample compression rates. py to encode and decode test images of arbitrary sizes. But despite rapidly growing research interests in learning-based image compression, no published method offers both lossless and near-lossless modes. The BBWCA scheme was employed for lossless compression of CFA images. When applied to the whole world of media (not only images), it means that the initial data could be perfectly restored from the compressed version. kasandbox. Jan 16, 2024 · For example, lossless compression may reduce a PNG image to 30-40% of its original size. Therefore, in this paper, we explore the Aug 19, 2024 · Image compression is reducing an image’s file size while maintaining an acceptable level of visual quality. Lossless compression is an alternative for the quality-conscious site owner. Results for lossless compressors, including Jpeg-ls, Jpeg2000, HD-Photo/Jpeg-XR. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *. Additionally, you can use "drive compression", which is 100% lossless and just fits odd images which don't fit into "whole chunks", back into a portion of a whole-chunk, with other partial With Tinify's online optimizer, image conversion and compression are seamlessly combined into one powerful tool. ch vangool@vision. In this paper we survey existing coding Sep 19, 2019 · The goal is to design an effective lossless compression scheme that is scalable to high-dimensional data, like images. ch michaelt@nari. There are two types of compression: lossless, which reduces the file size without reducing quality, and lossy, which reduces the size and quality. Lossless image compression is an essential research field in image compression. Using WebP, webmasters and web developers can create smaller, richer images that make the web faster. Second, we use lossless compression to preserve data and information during compression. The latter method is the most common in image compression Jan 15, 2022 · However, lossy isn’t the only option. open(element) I create a new picture, which is black: newImg = Image. a run of the previous pixel Dec 21, 2022 · Lossless compression preserves details better than lossy compression How Lossless Compression Works. – ISO Joint Photographic Experts Group Nov 6, 2015 · Images: RAW, BMP, and PNG are all lossless image formats. Feb 25, 2021 · Lossless image compression is an important technique for image storage and transmission when information loss is not allowed. Loading the image, doing something to it, and then saving it again will ultimately result in image degradation. 2015, 9, 1021–1027. in focuses on encoding CFA images. The presented research establishes a promising direction for lossless image compression, combining CLAHE, two-channel encoding, and adaptive arithmetic coding. Run test. Lossy Compression Techniques Lossy compression, as the name implies, is a technique that does not return the exact original image after decompres-sion. kastatic. [13] In these schemes, some loss of information is accepted as dropping nonessential detail can save storage space. (Don Gourley et al. Jun 10, 2022 · Generative model based image lossless compression algorithms have seen a great success in improving compression ratio. May 7, 2024 · Image compression methods are divided into two categories: lossy compression and lossless compression . Compression that is also accompanied by a decom-pression process, returning a model to its original size and usability. While lossless compression can reduce image file sizes by as much as 40%, it is still less effective than lossy compression for reducing file size and optimizing images for the web. In contrast, lossless image compression techniques retain the original quality but do not compress the image as efficiently. Your images become lighter without losing their charm. The trade-off is that you won’t see a significant reduction in image file size. Lossless compression ensures that all image information is preserved, while lossy compression loses information in the process. However, JPEG-LS has a contextual Read-After-Write (RAW) issue Jun 5, 2024 · Thus, we divide the overall design of a lossless image compression scheme into three parts that exploit corresponding redundancies. Multimed. It touches every pixel just once. 10 MB Reduction of size: 9. org are unblocked. It is shown that Nov 30, 2018 · We propose the first practical learned lossless image compression system, L3C, and show that it outperforms the popular engineered codecs, PNG, WebP and JPEG 2000. Maintaining quality of data reconstructed at high compression rate is a very difficult part of the data compression technique. Some of these strategies happen within your WordPress dashboard, whereas others rely on external software. May 8, 2024 · In conclusion, lossless image compression is a crucial area of research that addresses the need for efficient data representation while preserving the integrity of digital images. It is conceived as a "low complexity projection" of the universal context modeling paradigm, matching its modeling unit to a simple coding unit. That’s because lossless compression only removes additional, non-essential data automatically added by the device used to take the photo. Optimize and compress JPEG, PNG, SVG, GIF and WEBP images online. ee. . In terms of digital files, compression is the act of encoding information using fewer bits than what’s found in the original file. By combining simplicity with the compression potential of Jun 9, 2016 · A recent lossless image compression scheme by Kim et al. There are two main types of compression: Lossless compression: Preserves all original data, allowing exact image reconstruction. To better understand the difference in file size, for lossy compression a size reduction of 85% can be achieved for an image, while, using a lossless compression, for the same image only a 5% reduction is recorded. The research for providing lossless compression using CNN is still in its infancy, as the loss distorts at every step at the time of encoding information. 03$. With the fast development of deep learning techniques, deep neural networks have been used in this field to achieve a higher compression rate. What is lossy and lossless compression? Lossless compression An algorithm that allows an image to be reduced in size without losing quality. proposed a local bit-back coding scheme and realized lossless image compression with Jan 25, 2024 · The file formats like RAW, BMP, GIF, and PNG can all benefit from lossless-image-compression algorithms. However, do you really need byte-to-byte lossless compression? Lossy image compression algorithms can benefit greatly from removing unnecessary details that would not be seen by human eye anyways. In , Ho et al. Lossless compression is mainly used to compress: images; sound; text; It is generally the technique of choice for detailed product images, photography showcases, text files and spreadsheet files, where the loss of picture quality, words or data (e. Technical Details. Both compression methods have advantages and disadvantages and are practically applied in many fields. Image compression can be lossy or lossless. It utilises a hierarchical predictor and a context-adaptive arithmetic encoder and is referred as Hierarchical Prediction and Context Modelling (HPCM) algorithm. Website builders should carefully consider the needs of their end users and test the speed of their websites when deciding between lossy and lossless image compression. Image compression is the application of data compression on digital images, where the objective is to reduce the redundancy of the image data. In this first part of our work, we propose a scheme for lossless compression of binary images. Given a finite sequence x1, x2, . Compress, resize and rename your photos for free. As the name implies Mar 20, 2023 · 2 Ways to Apply Lossless Compression to Your Images. Karam, in Handbook of Image and Video Processing (Second Edition), 2005 1 Introduction. The proposed coding approach employs a deep-learning-based method to compute the prediction for each pixel, and a context-tree-based bit-plane codec to encode the prediction errors. JPEG-LS, as a mature lossless compression standard, is widely adopted for its excellent compression ratio. In RLE, data is stored as a single value and the count of the same consecutive values, so the code length is decreased Lossless Coding. Photo websites, on the other hand, should use lossless compression. For example, PNG and GIF formats are used during lossless compression. Simply drag and drop your images onto the web interface, and watch as they are effortlessly converted to WebP, PNG, or JPEG. lossless compression. Methods based on pixel-wise autoregressive statistical models have shown good performance. First, a novel deep learning-based predictor is proposed to estimate the residuals produced by traditional prediction methods. Lossless optimized images are pixel-by-pixel identical with the originals, but they offer a smaller size reduction compared to either Lossy or Glossy processed files. Audio files that use lossless compression are roughly half of the size of the uncompressed original at the same sample rate. If $\tau=0$, the special Mar 15, 2002 · Lossless (reversible) image compression techniques preserve the information so that exact reconstruction of the image is possible from the compressed data. Jun 11, 2021 · The results of Table 2 indicate that the average compression ratio with soft compression is obviously higher than other image lossless compression methods. Ask Question Asked 13 years, 8 months ago. However, the sequential processing Lossless Compression. , 2009) Lossless compression will usually produce a file that is half the original file in size, while lossy compression can reduce image size more than lossless compression can. Herein, we propose a residual coding framework for 3D medical images, involving the off-the The lossless image compression technique has a great application value in distortion-sensitive applications. Our integrated features ensure a smooth workflow, delivering optimized images that are ready for your website. The underlying principle of the residual coding revolves around the exploration of priors based on context modeling. The TDC generates the second best compression and Mar 18, 2024 · Lossless compression is the ideal choice, because all the data is fully preserved and yet the image takes up much less space. Lossless compression is generally used in situations where image quality is more important than disk space or network performance, such as for product images or to showcase artwork. LOCO-I (LOw COmplexity LOssless COmpression for Images) is the algorithm at the core of the new ISO/ITU standard for lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone images, JPEG-LS. Oct 29, 2014 · UPDATE: As a commenter mentioned, 100% quality still does not mean lossless compression when using JPEG. WebP lossless images are 26% smaller in size compared to PNGs. May 16, 2017 · Javascript lossless image compression. Results for lossy compressors including Jpeg, Jpeg2000 and HD-Photo/Jpeg-XR. In contrast to recent autoregressive discrete probabilistic Nov 23, 2021 · Despite extensive progress on image generation, common deep generative model architectures are not easily applied to lossless compression. It is beneficial to compress those existing JPEG files without introducing additional distortion. [Google Scholar] Masmoudi, A. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. new("RGB",(imgWidthNew,imgHightNew),(0,0,0,0)) In , Ma et al. View Results: TEST IMAGES. When choosing a tool for image compression, remember to take into consideration whether the image compressor will result in any quality loss for your images. Easily reduce image size by up to 80% with lossy compressions using this free tool. py to train the DLPR coding system with $\lambda=0. The probability model is built up from a statistical model This repo shows the performance of several state-of-the-art lossless image compression formats/methods when compressing 8-bit grayscale images. It compresses to tiny sizes like the highest compression lossless image formats (WebP, FLIF, JPEG2000, PNG, etc), but it destroys them in decode speed -- usually 5-10x faster than PNG and 200-500x faster Lossy vs lossless compression- which one is right for your images? 🤔 👉 Subscribe: https://www. To run benchmark, see RunBench. Existing lossless image compression methods either have simple design but poor compression performance, or complex design, better performance, but with no performance guarantees. Mar 3, 1995 · The critical task in lossless data compression is finding good models for the data under consideration, and algorithms that 'learn' the parameters of the model that best describes the data and achieve rates that are asymptotically optimal are known as oplimal universal coding schemes. Jan 24, 2024 · Recently, DNN models for lossless image coding have surpassed their traditional counterparts in compression performance, reducing the bit rate by about ten percent for natural color images. The numerical results indicate that our method achieves the highest compression ratio with an average improvement of 38% over JPEG2000, thus confirming the Mar 25, 2024 · Residual coding has gained prevalence in lossless compression, where a lossy layer is initially employed and the reconstruction errors (i. Oct 11, 2019 · A new arithmetic coding model for a block-based lossless image compression based on exploiting inter-block correlation. Specifically, we propose a Multi-Level Parallel Conditional Modeling (ML-PCM) architecture, which enables parallel decoding in different This paper proposes a novel approach for lossless image compression. FLAC is a lossless audio format, while MP3 is a lossy audio format. [5] This mode is quite popular in the medical imaging field, and defined as an option in DNG standard, but otherwise it is not very widely used because of complexity of doing arithmetics on 10, 12, or 14bpp values on typical embedded 32-bit processor and a little resulting gain in Jul 26, 2018 · Other applications of lossless compression include the compression of image for camera system [191], the storage and transmission of thermal images captured by Nano-satellite [195] and remote sensing applications such as monitoring forest fires and determining the soil moisture [196]. Learn about the principles and methods of lossless compression, which allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data. A flow chart of the process of the compression of the image can be represented as: In this article, we try to explain the overview of the concepts involved in the image Jan 24, 2024 · But even with these advances, mathematically lossless image compression (MLLIC) ratios for natural images still fall short of the bandwidth and cost-effectiveness requirements of most practical imaging and vision systems at present and beyond. Lossy compression: Discards some data to achieve smaller file sizes, potentially reducing image quality Where does Python compress/change the picture and how (if possible) can I subdue it? I could think of some passages, which might be the one compressing. Considerations: Compressed TIFF files can be slightly slower to work with due to processing. Types of image compression. Aug 25, 2023 · Lossless image compression. , financial data) could pose a problem. Compress image files while preserving quality. Modified 7 years, 3 months ago. vnknq fexr xrxixkt wox upx xkixl jzx unqoz mcjb rdwqfnpp