Animism vs panentheism. " There are two types of panentheism: 1) the type of panentheism that is partially pantheistic, claiming that the entirety of the universe is contained within God as a part of God, who is, of course, more than the universe that is only a part of God; and 2) the kind of panentheism that sees the ontological distinction between the world and God Feb 26, 2021 · Pantheism Vs. Some of these theories take as definitive what others take as optional, or even as positively excluded (e. When considered together they may be called the pan-doctrines. Pantheism is in a sense a natural development of animism. Or in other words, everything is in some way a part of God, and consequently, something divine can be found in May 10, 2014 · Panentheism considers God and the world to be inter-related with the world being in God and God being in the world. Most Christians through the ages have come closest to Trinitarian monotheism, but not exclusively. Mar 11, 2012 · Panentheism means that God is the Creator and the Created. And while these beliefs vary widely, many of them can be generally categorized as forms of either monotheism or polytheism. In panentheism, God is viewed as creator and/or animating force behind the universe, and the source of universal truth. May 26, 2021 · In spite of some panentheistic traits in his philosophy, Spinoza was clearly a pantheist. whether pantheism is a type of theism, whether it allows for some manner of divine transcendence, and so on); some should perhaps even go by a different name altogether (e. Pantheism: the tree, the rock, and the river are in God. Aug 29, 2020 · The natural world and the multiplicity of conscious beings is an illusion, or at least a mere presentation, given to itself by a single Absolute which may be called ‘God’ or at least plays something of the role of God for this point of view Salvation consists in consciously realizing one’s identity with this Absolute. Apr 3, 2017 · Origins of Shinto. 300 . Exceptions were the gods Prajapati (Lord of Creatures) and Purusha (Supreme Being or Soul of the Universe), whose competition for influence provided, in its outcome, a possible explanation of how the Indian tradition came to Aug 16, 2024 · Pantheism - Monism, Dualism, Theism: Panentheism is then a middle way between the denial of individual freedom and creativity characterizing many of the varieties of pantheism and the remoteness of the divine characterizing classical theism. ) Some philosophers have suggested, more feasibly, that such indigenous perspectives can be seen as forms of panentheism. In short, panentheism holds that Deity includes the entire universe -- and more. God’s essence and character are believed to be unique and fundamentally different from all other beings that can be considered more or less comparable—e. F. May 19, 2023 · The Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology says “Animism is a particular sensibility and way of relating to various beings in the world. PANTHEISM The following is an excerpt from New Thought: A Practical American Spirituality, pp. However, pantheists believe that there is something divine about the perceived unity and natural laws of the universe, as revealed by science, andmore » Aug 22, 2024 · Monotheism, belief in the existence of one god, or in the oneness of God. Animatism is the belief that a common and impersonal power exists in all living and nonliving objects. The first points to conflicting claims regarding the abilities of objects, plants and animals made by scientists and animists (agential vs. There's also the distinction between pantheism and panentheism to consider. It seems to me, though, that when animism is spoken of in a religious context it's pretty much identical to polytheism. Jul 12, 2024 · Polytheism - Animism, Pantheism, Henotheism: By the time of the establishment of the Roman Empire, the Greek tradition was already exerting considerable influence on the Roman, to the extent that once relatively independent traditions became somewhat fused. You made the skies and the heavens and all the stars. “panentheism” rather than Strong Panentheism: This refers to the complete identity of God and the cosmos, as opposed to just God's presence in it, and therefore comes very close to Pantheism. Mar 26, 2024 · Animism (from Latin: anima, 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Panentheism confuses the Creator with the creation. Pantheism vs. Based of the beliefs, we can classify the [107]: p. The two doctrines can be definitely distinguished. For pantheism and classical theism, God is absolute; and for many forms of pantheism, the world, since it is identical with God, is likewise absolute. Fysikern Robert G. They see it as a balanced middle ground between the positions of classical theism and "Animism (from Latin anima (soul, life) is a philosophical, religious or spiritual idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans and animals but also in plants, rocks, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, or other entities of the natural… Mar 28, 2024 · Animism (from Latin: anima, 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. , the gods of other religions. Feb 15, 2007 · Naturalistic pantheism is a form of pantheism that holds that the universe, although unconscious and non-sentient as a whole, is a meaningful focus for mystical fulfillment. But when faced with an advanced definition of God, things get interesting. It is generally a different and higher order of being than are humans and other living entities. , Thus panentheism separates itself from pantheism, positing the extra claim that God exists above and beyond the world as we know it. Anticipations of panentheistic understandings of God have occurred in both philosophical and theological writings throughout history (Hartshorne and Reese 1953; Cooper, 2006). Animism is the belief that everything is alive or has a soul, and that supernatural beings inhabit ordinary objects as well as animate beings – they treat natural phenomena such as geographical features – mountains, rivers, *ley lines, Stonehenge etc. So the New Testament seems to teach a sort of panentheism. Oct 7, 2019 · Panentheism is the belief that there is a God greater than the cosmos, but that he inhabits the cosmos. The World of Spirit is the world of all possibilities. According to Judy Harrow: Panentheism is the belief that Spirit both pervades and transcends the World of Form; the two are like concentric circles. Animistic beliefs were first competently surveyed by Sir Edward Burnett Tylor in his work Primitive Culture (1871), to which is owed the continued currency of the term animism. This universal arrangement is not pantheism (all is God), but panentheism, a term devised by Karl C. Instead God is IN nature. Key words: panentheism; pantheism; pandeism; monism; dualism; theism; Indian conceptions 1 “Panentheism” “Defined” Given that mainstream philosophy of religion in the west is mostly concerned with classical Jan 23, 2022 · There is often a lot of confusion surrounding pagan terminology. Polytheism is the belief in or worship of more than one god. This concept of God is closely associated with the Logos as stated in the 5th century BC works of Heraclitus (ca. panentheism). The line between pantheism and panentheism can be blurred depending on varying definitions of God, so there have been disagreements when assigning particular notable figures to pantheism or panentheism. Weak Panentheism: henotheism, and panentheism. In primitive societies animism often requires that before anyone can kill an animal or fell a tree, its natural spirit must be placated. Thank you for the responses so far. God is not nature. The term "animism" is an anthropological construct. 89-92. However, a lot people with these beliefs don’t think carefully about this difference, so, practically speaking, pantheism and panentheism tend to overlap or blend, as they do with polytheism. ” PANENTHEISM AND NATURAL SCIENCE: A GOOD MATCH? by Willem B. Aug 12, 2017 · Animism is not the same as pantheism, although the two are sometimes confused. This video explains, how we are connected to the God and what is the relationship between the God and the universe. All but one, Christianity, are false. Spinoza’s God is not personal and not transcendent but immanent, as God is identical to the world or Nature. Both animatism and animism refer to anthropological terms which refer to the spirits which reside in objects. Originally, Roman pietas (sense of duty belief systems: Deism, Panentheism, Pantheism, and Theism: • “The term ‘transcendence’ derives from a Latin word meaning ‘to go beyond’. Similarly, we discuss the topic of pantheism, animism and panentheism in a Christian… At best, this tradition-dependent concept would be relevant to Christian/pantheist and other theist/pantheist hybrids (e. Paganism, Pantheism, Panentheism, Animism, Astrotheology, and Anthropomorphic are all terms used to describe religious philosophies. Aug 5, 2024 · Two philosophical ideas that are easily confused is pantheism vs panentheism. It offers an increasingly popular alternative to both traditional theism and pantheism. I fall more into panentheism, because I can't shake the sense that there's something greater behind all of this. In the Islamic world, Sufis have put forward descriptions of Allah that somewhat resemble Pantheist ideas but since both Pantheistic views and Sufi doctrines are very subtle and sensitive in their implications, it is impossible to summarize the relation between the two. I argue that the alleged conflict can be diffused by noting that science and animism advance different ways of looking at the world. Animism is the belief that animals, trees, rivers, mountains—all things—have a spirit. I think what you may be referring to is Panentheism. Oct 28, 2008 · God and Creation. Panentheism is the belief that god is in everything and everywhere. The term "animism" comes from the Latin word "anima," meaning soul or life. Thus, monotheism is the belief in the existence of a single god. Shinto Shrine: Shinto is an animistic religion in Japan. It is distinguished from polytheism, the belief in the existence of many gods, from atheism, the belief that there is no god, and from agnosticism, the belief that the existence or nonexistence of a god or of gods is unknown or unknowable. Both pantheism and panentheism can promote strong environmental ethics; pantheism by emphasizing the divinity of all nature, and panentheism by suggesting a sacred duty to protect and respect the world as a part of God's creation. For classical theism World: Christianity’s Reasons for Considering Panentheism a Viable Option”; Roderick Main, “Panentheism and the Undoing of Disenchantment”; and Michael Silberstein, “Panentheism, Neutral Monism, and Advaita Vedanta. God exists but there are differences between them. It has been used in various ways such as to relate God or divinity with concrete things, [1] determinism, [2] or the substance of the universe. I am including Deism as a side reference. So yes, God IS the universe and all within it. Dec 4, 2008 · Pantheism emphasizes God's presence in the world but panentheism maintains the identity and significance of the non-divine. Here's ChatGpt views [with reservations]; Jun 4, 1996 · At best, this tradition-dependent concept would be relevant to Christian/pantheist and other theist/pantheist hybrids (e. e. Since the scientific revolution of the fifteenth century, there has been an increasing tendency in Christianity to see God as separate from Creation. Let’s try to dig into this a bit to see what all the differences are and what Scripture has to say about them. So in at least some contexts, animism does not particularly describe a religious belief at all, but a philosophical position. “I believe that with infinite arms Nature embraces the all—that there is no interference—no chance—that behind every event are the necessary and countless causes, and that beyond every event will be and must be the necessary and countless effects. In Greek pan means "all," theos means "god," and en means "in. The second of these terms appears to be a misspelling of the first, but panentheism is a deliberate variation. II. Pantheists reject the idea of a personal God. But I don't know. Oct 5, 2023 · This thread is about Pantheism vs Panentheism. ”2 It refers to deity as existing above, outside of, or beyond creation. 1200 bce), represented for the most part natural forces. on the arguments and comments concerning panentheism’s definition and plausibility put forth by Göcke, Mullins, and Nickel. Krause (1781-1832) to describe his thought. Panentheism specifically regards reality not as God, but as a component of God, allowing for some sort of traditional God alongside. These ideas or mental models do not capture completely what God is like. Examples of Animism can be seen in forms of Shinto, Hinduism, Buddhism, pantheism, Paganism, and Neopaganism. We will compare and contrast these ideas. Religion 101 Aug 16, 2024 · Pantheism - Ancient, Medieval, Philosophy: Early Greek religion contained among its many deities some whose natures might have supported pantheism; and certainly the mystery religions of later times stressed types of mystical union that are typical of pantheistic systems. Panentheism seeks to avoid either isolating God from the world as traditional theism often does or identifying God with the world as pantheism Jan 11, 2024 · The word “panentheism” comes from the Greek roots “pan-” (all) “en-” (in) and “theos” (god), so it means exactly what 1 Corinthians says: “God in all”. Sep 29, 2021 · By some estimates, there are more than 4,000 religions in the world. The phrase “the divine” is used as a short-hand label for both theistic (personal) and nontheistic (impersonal) definitions of the sacred ground of being. Panentheism (/ p æ ˈ n ɛ n θ i ɪ z əm /; [1] "all in God", from the Greek πᾶν, pân, 'all', ἐν, en, 'in' and Θεός, Theós, 'God') [2] is the belief that the divine intersects every part of the universe and also extends beyond space and time. Deism, pantheism and panentheism all shared the same belief, i. non-agential). Question: Lately, with the environmental movement going mainstream, pantheism is on an upswing in popularity. In traditional theism, God is wholly transcendent, and in panentheism, God is both transcendent and immanent. Pantheism and Panentheism: A Pagan Perspective, plus a discussion of immanence, epistemological and ontological transcendence, animism, and how they relate t May 23, 2024 · Animism is the belief that objects, places, and creatures possess a spiritual essence, while pantheism is the belief that the universe and God are identical, seeing everything collectively as divine. Nov 25, 2018 · Panentheism can also be seen in Taoism in which everything is a part of the eternal tao. The religious term monotheism is not Aug 5, 2024 · The world is filled with a large variety of belief systems. Oct 26, 2021 · A considerable group of contemporary philosophers and theologians—including those engaged in the science-theology dialogue, such as Barbour, Clayton, Davies, and Peacocke—supports panentheism, i. Some religions are both pantheistic and animistic. This is how I conceptualize my animistic pantheist worldview: The oneness, harmony, and totality of everything can be seen as God, divine, and the ground of being which is fundamental and worthy of great religious respect. In other words, 'God is all, and all is God. Though earlier philosophers such as Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas discussed animism, the formal definition was postulated by Sir Edward Taylor late in the 19 th century. Monotheism is typically contrasted with polytheism (see below), which is a belief in many gods, and with atheism, which is an absence of any belief in any gods. So according to pantheism, “God is everything and everything is God. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. But God is also beyond the universe, as something 'other'. ” — Thomas H. What is allegedly above reason, is, in fact, much under it, and Naturalistic pantheism, also known as scientific pantheism, is a form of pantheism. Aug 20, 2018 · Pantheism is not animism. 27 Thus panentheism separates itself from pantheism, positing the extra claim that God exists above and beyond the world as we know it. . Pantheism is the religious doctrine that the divine is infused within all existent beings. Prima facie the term “pantheism” seems to apply to quite diverse theories. The term "animism" was first introduced by Sir Edward Tylor in his 1871 work, "Primitive Culture. It is too specific for any general analysis of pantheism, and it refers to the theistic variants of pantheism which are most inconsequential for pantheistic practice. Here’s what it claims — and why it’s problematic. Atheism Jul 12, 2019 · Monotheism vs Pantheism vs Polytheism - Dr William Lane Craig Aug 1, 2017 · Today, we turn to another worldview, panentheism. The term appeared about 200 years ago, although the tenets were probably among a multitude of philosophical and religious ideas Paul encountered in Greece. Potentially, animism perceives all things—animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, human handiwork, and perhaps even words—as animated and alive. Anthony's Tongue. panentheism is a meaningful theological difference. Huxley The word, “agnostic”, was coined in 1869 by Thomasmore » (This also makes it clear than panspiritism is not a form of animism. It comes from ‘pan’ meaning all, and ‘theism,’ which means belief in God. 535 BC — 475 BC), in which the Logos pervades the cosmos and whereby all thoughts and things originate; e. Panentheism is, in brief, the doctrine that there is a divine element in all things. However, animism's focus on individual spirits contrasts with pantheism's belief in a universal divinity encompassing all things, reflecting diverse pathways to understanding the spiritual essence of the natural world. Pantheism contrasts with monotheism (there is one God), polytheism (there are many gods), deism (God created the world in such a way that it is capable of existing and operating on its own, which God then allows it to do) and panentheism (in God there is a primordial and unchanging nature, and a consequent nature that changes and develops). It can all be very confusing. Join Our Patreon! In our second episode on nature mysticism we discuss the effect of the incarnation, and how Christ's arrival was seen as giving new importance to all of creation. Feb 20, 2021 · Panentheism is the belief that the universe is a part of a deity, but that the deity is greater than the universe. Han menar att föreställningen om en Gud som i någon mening är större än universum innefattar en felaktig definition av universum, eftersom "universum" per definition innebär "allt som existerar," inklusive Gud. Its support for the ideal of human freedom provides grounds for a positive appreciation of temporal process, while removing some of the ethical paradoxes Aug 16, 2024 · Pantheism, the doctrine that the universe conceived of as a whole is God and, conversely, that there is no God but the combined substance, forces, and laws that are manifested in the existing universe. Unlike many other religions, Shinto has no recognised founder. Debates about particular positions are going, again, to come down to the technical details of how they formulate the relation between God and nature, so attempts to skirt those details with neutral formulas about nature being "in" God -- without specifying in the relevantly technical way what "in" means -- just end up reducing the matter to triviality. Mar 5, 2024 · Animism and pantheism, though distinct, share a reverence for nature. Is panentheism a metaphysical and Panentheism is not yet in most dictionaries, but with Google listing over 8500 pages with the word, perhaps its time has come! panentheism and the wonder of god. While panentheism offers an increasingly popular alternative to classical theism, both panentheism and classical theistic systems affirm divine transcendence and immanence. – as well as animals, birds, rocks, plants and ancestors as sacred. [108] The line between pantheism and panentheism can be blurred depending on varying definitions of God, so there have been disagreements when assigning particular notable figures to pantheism or Animism is the belief that every living thing in nature - including trees, plants and even rocks or streams - has its own spirit or divinity. Panentheism. Panentheism (from Greek πᾶν (pân) "all"; ἐν (en) "in"; and θεός (theós) "God"; "all-in-God") is a belief system that posits that the divine (be it a monotheistic God, polytheistic gods, or an eternal cosmic animating force) interpenetrates every part of nature, but is not one with nature. Many of these false beliefs can be understood by exploring three basic terms: theism, deism, and pantheism. g. 'all' and Latin: deus 'god'). Panentheism, or a hybrid version of it, is the view held by advocates of many Eastern religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism and the New Age movement. Reminding ourselves from time to time of God’s Donate to St. The peoples of ancient Japan had long held animistic beliefs, worshipped divine ancestors and communicated with the spirit world via shamans; some elements of these beliefs were incorporated into the first recognised religion practised in Japan, Shinto, which began during the period of the Yayoi culture (c. What is pantheism? Pantheism is a philosophical belief that God can be equated with the universe and what is in it. Dec 4, 2008 · Panentheism considers God and the world to be inter-related with the world being in God and God being in the world. Jul 14, 2020 · Summary of Animatism vs Animism. Largely due to such ethnolinguistic and cultural discrepancies, opinions differ on whether animism refers to an ancestral mode of experience common to indigenous peoples around the world or to a full-fledged religion in its own right. " Pantheism means that all is God; panentheism, that all is in God. Feb 10, 2022 · Animism. Pantheism is the belief that god is everything and everywhere. Feb 23, 2012 · Pantheism is the view that the world is either identical to God, or an expression of God’s nature. It involves attributing sentience to other beings that may The term panpsychism comes from the Greek pan (πᾶν: "all, everything, whole") and psyche (ψυχή: "soul, mind"). What is theism? Theism is the belief that there are gods or a god who created the world and have had Pandeism is a hybrid blend of the root words pantheism and deism [6] (Ancient Greek: πᾶν, romanized: pan, lit. Nature worship is often considered the primitive source of modern religious beliefs [4] [5] and can be found in pantheism, panentheism, deism, polytheism, animism, Taoism, [6] totemism, Hinduism, shamanism, some theism and paganism including Wicca. Pantheism consists of two theses: that (a) all things are parts of, appearances of or really identical with some one being, and (b) this being is divine. [7] PANENTHEISM VS. Panentheism: God is in the tree, the rock, and the river. However, these spirits are unique rather than being part of a greater spiritual whole. Scholars of religion largely abandoned that view in the 19th century in favour of an evolutionary progression from animism via polytheism to monotheism, but by 1974, this theory was less widely held, and a modified view similar to Lang's became more prominent. [1] Pantheism is the religious doctrine that the divine is infused within all existent beings. Aug 22, 2024 · Monotheism - Polytheism, Dualism, Henotheism: The God of monotheism is the one real god that is believed to exist or, in any case, that is acknowledged as such. There are no miracles in nature, and only because of ignorance, mistakes, and errors do we wonder or feel enchantment about it. Pantheism. Dec 31, 2022 · I distinguish two conflicts. Animism is a more primitive understanding of Jun 25, 2019 · In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. May 19, 2022 · Indeed, “pantheism and panentheism are comparable, but to the extent panentheism conceives of God as an entity distinguishable in certain respects from the universe itself, it is considered here to be in the same general category as traditional theism. Equations between gods were freely made: Zeus became Jupiter, Aphrodite became Venus, and so on. Animism, belief in innumerable spiritual beings concerned with human affairs and capable of helping or harming human interests. Aug 16, 2024 · Pantheism - Non-Western Cultures, Panentheism, Beliefs: The gods of the Vedas, the ancient scriptures of India (c. [3] Dec 9, 2023 · Animism, often considered the earliest form of religious belief, is a fascinating and complex worldview that has been integral to human societies since prehistoric times. It is a concept arising more from mythology than philosophy, and few panpsychists actually attribute human-like (or god-like) consciousness to all objects. All those P’s and A’s. Drees Abstract. Here is a breakdown of terms with easy-to-understand definitions and examples. Polytheism is the belief that multiple gods exist, but do not intervene with the universe. But in fact the pantheism of ancient Greece was related almost exclusively to philosophical speculation. Callicott ( 1994 ) has suggested this of the Lakota, for instance, since they conceive of a spiritual force, which is both transcendent and immanent. Mar 18, 2019 · The term monotheism comes from the Greek monos, (one) and theos (god). The phrase “the divine” is used as a short-hand label for both theistic (personal) and non-theistic (impersonal) definitions of the sacred ground of being. I don’t mean the cold, rational Spinoza type of pantheism as much as the whole reverence for nature thing, feeling the divinity within every tree and blade of grass, while perceiving that as a harmonious singularity. [1] [2] [3] According to Oxford Reference, it is not easy to count gods, and so not always obvious whether an apparently polytheistic religion, such as Chinese Folk Religions, is really so, or whether the apparent different objects of worship are to be thought of as manifestations of a singular divinity. Animism, as commonly understood, is the view that all things possess a fully-developed, intelligent, and complex conscious-like spirit. For this reason it Animism is the belief that every living thing in nature - including trees, plants and even rocks or streams - has its own spirit or divinity. Brown har kritiserat panendeismen med ett argument som i lika delar träffar den traditionella panenteismen. (Genesis 1:1, ESV) "You alone are the Lord. panentheism, pantheism, deism, polytheism, animism,totemism, shamanism and paganism have nature worship Feb 18, 2017 · Pantheism has several formulations not all of which or their components are necessarily consistent with Quran. Apr 23, 2012 · This article explores the meanings of kinship with nature and animism for neo-Pagans and asks whether expressions of such a worldview are more than metaphorical, rhetorical or simply wishful. Pantheism and Panentheism. Animism is the belief that spirits are present in creatures, objects, places, and perhaps, even words. ' The term pantheism was developed in the eighteenth Jun 13, 2012 · It was no longer proper to speak of all things as having a teleological purpose. Some people consider postmodernism to be an unenlightened view of the world, whereas others consider it to be a more holistic and inclusive way of looking at the world. 7. Nov 21, 2023 · Pantheism is the belief that God and the universe are the same things rather than separate things. Yes, both feature creator deities, but we could say that about all sorts of extremely different worldviews. The cognate doctrine of panentheism asserts that God includes the universe as a part though not PANTHEISM AND PANENTHEISM PANTHEISM AND PANENTHEISM . God remains mysterious. Monolatrism refers to the belief that there may be more than one deity, but that only one is worthy of being worshiped. One of the main differences is that while animists believe everything to be spiritual in nature, they do not necessarily see the spiritual nature of everything in existence as being united (monism), the way Aug 16, 2024 · Pantheism - Nature, Unity, Monism: God is absolute insofar as he is eternal, cause, activity, creator; he is relative insofar as he is temporal, effect, passive (having potentiality in his nature), and affected by the world. ” Pandeism (or pan-deism), a theological doctrine which combines aspects of pantheism into deism, and holds that the creator deity became the universe and ceased to exist as a separate and conscious entity, has been noted by various authors to encompass many religious beliefs found in Asia, with examples primarily being drawn from India and China. Like Buddhism, Taoism does use an anthropomorphic concept or image of a deity to explain reality. [7]: 1 The use of "psyche" is controversial because it is synonymous with "soul", a term usually taken to refer to something supernatural; more common terms now found in the literature include mind, mental properties, mental aspect, and experience. Classical theism vs. Apr 27, 2024 · More common is nature worship, which would include sun worship as it being part of nature. New Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche: 1844 –1900 Atheism is the rejection of God. The earliest use of pandeism appears to have been 1787, [7] with another usage found in 1838, [8] a first appearance in a dictionary in 1849 (in German as Pandeismus and Pandeistisch), [9] and an 1859 usage of pandeism expressly in contrast to both Oct 30, 2022 · Pantheism Vs Panentheism. God is within everything and everyone, closer than our own heartbeats or the air we breathe. The meanings for some indigenous animist peoples are discussed and compared with neo-Pagan understandings. , a theistic position which assumes that the world is in God, who is yet greater than everything he created. The laws of nature, then, are not something essentially autonomous, which God must sometimes manipulate in order to make his will effective, but are part of his will. ukxkjvq ihoa afciel hbxxoh kstm tytrm qhyp tooqtw pqio twugybc